The 184 countries gathering to forge a landmark treaty on combating plastic pollution were told they must find a way to tackle a global crisis wreaking havoc on ecosystems and polluting the oceans.
States should seize the opportunity to shape history, the man chairing the talks on Tuesday said as 10 days of negotiations began at the United Nations in Geneva.
"We are facing a global crisis," Ecuadorian diplomat Luis Vayas Valdivieso told the more than 1,800 negotiators as they prepared to thrash out their differences in the search for common ground.
"Plastic pollution is damaging ecosystems, polluting our oceans and rivers, threatening biodiversity, harming human health, and unfairly impacting the most vulnerable," he said.
"The urgency is real, the evidence is clear, and the responsibility is on us."
Plastic pollution is so ubiquitous that microplastics have been found on the highest mountain peaks, in the deepest ocean trench and scattered throughout almost every part of the human body.
But after five rounds of talks, three years of negotiations hit a wall in Busan, South Korea, in December, when oil-producing states blocked a consensus.
Pathway to deal
Key figures steering this revived attempt insist a deal is within reach this time.
"There's been extensive diplomacy from Busan until now," the UN Environment Programme's Executive Director Inger Andersen told AFP.
The UNEP is hosting the talks, and Andersen said conversations between different regions and interest groups had generated momentum.
"Most countries, actually, that I have spoken with have said: 'We're coming to Geneva to strike the deal.’
"Will it be easy? No. Will it be straightforward? No. Is there a pathway for a deal? Absolutely."
Dumped, burnt and trashed
More than 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced globally each year, half of which is for single-use items.
While 15 percent of plastic waste is collected for recycling, only nine percent is actually recycled.
Nearly half – or 46 percent – ends up in landfill, while 17 percent is incinerated and 22 percent is mismanaged and becomes litter.
In 2022, countries agreed they would find a way to address the crisis by the end of 2024.
However, the supposedly final negotiations on a legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the seas, collapsed in Busan.
One group of countries sought an ambitious deal to limit production and phase out harmful chemicals.
But a clutch of mostly oil-producing nations rejected production limits and wanted to focus on waste treatment.
Production cap gap
A cap on plastic production is one of the thorniest issues being debated in Geneva.
Katrin Schneeberger, the director of Switzerland's environment ministry, told the opening press conference: "This is no call for a production cap. Clarifying this in informal meetings was an important message to producing countries."
Without commenting on whether there would be a cap, Andersen stressed that the treaty would cover the entire life cycle of plastics, from production to waste.
More than 600 non-governmental organisations are in Geneva and this time have access to the discussion group meetings.
"We have to stop making so much plastic," Greenpeace's delegation chief Graham Forbes told AFP.
The group and its allies want a treaty "that cuts plastic production, eliminates toxic chemicals and provides the financing that's going to be required to transition to a fossil fuel and plastic-free future,” he said.
"The fossil fuel industry is here in force," he noted, adding, "We cannot let a few countries determine humanity's future when it comes to plastic pollution."
Big triggers
France's Ecological Transition Minister Agnes Pannier-Runacher, one of a few dozen ministers planning to head to Geneva later in the talks, warned on Tuesday that the negotiations would be "difficult".
"I call on each state to take responsibility before we are overwhelmed by this pollution," she said in a statement.
Panama's delegate Juan Monterrey Gomez, a fellow proponent of an ambitious treaty, voiced optimism that a deal could be struck on 14 August.
"The beginning is better than Busan," he said of the start of talks.
No country wanting to be held responsible for sinking the negotiations "is probably the biggest trigger we can push", he told AFP.
