Cardinals choosing the next leader of the global Catholic Church were locked into the Vatican's Sistine Chapel, marking the formal start of the conclave to elect a successor to Pope Francis.

Shortly after 15:45 GMT on Wednesday, the conclave's master of ceremonies declared "Extra omnes" –– "Everybody out" in Latin –– and then shut the heavy doors of the 15th century chapel, leaving the 133 "Princes of the Church" to make their choice in secrecy.

The centuries-old ritual, which is expected to last several days, comes just over a fortnight after the death of Pope Francis, the Argentine Jesuit who led the world's 1.4 billion Catholics for 12 years.

The cardinal electors had earlier gathered in the nearby Pauline Chapel in silent prayer before proceeding to the 15th-century Sistine Chapel, where tables and chairs have been laid out beneath Michelangelo's frescoes.

They took a group oath of secrecy before each cardinal approached the altar to utter his personal vow in front of the Italian master's depiction of the Last Judgement, when Christians believe God will return to decide who goes to heaven or hell.

According to a live video feed produced by the Vatican, they took a vow not to reveal what happened in the conclave, on pain of excommunication.

The conclave is the largest and the most international ever, with cardinals from around 70 countries – many of whom did not know each other before being summoned to Rome following Francis's death.

There is no clear frontrunner to succeed the charismatic Francis, with the cardinals representing a range of progressive and conservative traditions within the Church.

But the challenges facing the 2,000-year-old institution are clear.

The new pope faces diplomatic balancing acts at a time of geopolitical uncertainty, as well as deep splits within the Church itself.

There is also the continued fall-out from the clerical child abuse scandal and –– in the West – increasingly empty pews.

Waiting for the smoke

Thousands of people gathered outside in St Peter's Square to watch the proceedings, which were streamed live on several large screens in front of St Peter's Basilica.

There was applause for the declaration of "Extra omnes".

Many hope to see the smoke that will come out of the Sistine Chapel's chimney when the cardinals have voted – black smoke for no winner, white for a new pope.

"It would be perfect, lovely to be here for a new pope," said Irish tourist Catriona Hawe, 60.

"Francis was brilliant, progressive, a man of the people, though he didn't move things forward as quickly as I would have liked," she said.

"The Church won't be doing itself any favours if it elects someone conservative."

Besides outward displays of faith, the conclave has also generated a festive atmosphere, with one young woman in the square showing off her black miniature poodle dressed as the pope.

The cardinals will cast just one ballot on the first evening, with a result expected around 1700 GMT, before retiring to the nearby Santa Marta guesthouse.

If no one secures the two-thirds majority needed to be elected, they will resume voting on Thursday, with four ballots a day scheduled until there is a winner.

Both Francis and his predecessor Benedict XVI were elected within two days, but the longest papal election in Church history lasted 1,006 days, from 1268 to 1271.

Women protest

The cardinals have spent days discussing the most pressing challenges facing the Catholic Church and the character traits its new leader needs.

Burning issues include falling priest numbers, the role of women, the Vatican's troubled balance sheets and how to adapt the Church to the modern world.

Battista Re urged the cardinals to pray for "a pope who knows how best to awaken the consciences of all... in today's society, characterised by great technological progress but which tends to forget God".

Meanwhile across Rome, women's rights activists gathered to protest the absence of women in the conclave.

"We are saying to the cardinals, you cannot keep ignoring 50 percent of the Catholic population, you cannot go into a locked room and discuss the future of the Church without half of the Church," said Miriam Duignan, of the UK-based Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research.

Some 80 percent of the cardinals voting were appointed by Francis –– an impulsive yet charismatic champion of the downtrodden.

But while interviews in the run-up suggested that some cardinals favour a leader able to protect and develop his legacy, others want a more conservative defender of doctrine.

More than a dozen names are circulating, from Italian Pierbattista Pizzaballa to Hungary's Peter Erdo and Sri Lanka's Malcolm Ranjith.