South Africa's coal-dependent economy could lose billions in export revenue and thousands of jobs as more countries and companies seek carbon-free imports, the Net Zero Tracker watchdog said Monday.

Africa's most industrialised nation generates about 80 percent of its electricity through coal.

This makes it "uniquely vulnerable" as companies decarbonise their supply chains and countries penalise carbon-intensive imports, according to the group, a collaboration of four non-profit organisations that tracks net zero pledges.

"78 percent of South Africa's exports, worth $135 billion, are traded with 139 jurisdictions which have net zero targets in place. Collectively, these exports support over 1.2 million domestic jobs," the report said.

If the country fails to decarbonise its supply chains, it could lose some of that trade and related jobs, it said.

Critical minerals

The group said South Africa could avoid this scenario by phasing out coal more rapidly and positioning itself as a "strategic supplier in low-emission value chains".

"South Africa has the tools to pivot -- proven renewables potential, critical minerals, and seats at global tables," said Net Zero Tracker project lead John Lang.

The report argued that South Africa was "well-positioned to become a key supplier of low-emission goods".

The South African government has not reacted publicly to the report yet.

One of the international policies aimed at decarbonisation is the European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs).

Adopted in 2022, the policy imposes a carbon price on imports of goods such as steel, aluminium and cement from countries with lower environmental standards.

A test period began in October 2023 before the law's full entry into force in 2026.

The South African Reserve Bank has warned that carbon-based tariffs could reduce exports by up to 10 percent and that CBAMs alone could shrink exports to the EU by four percent by 2030.