Sau biyu a shekara, ƙaramin tsuntsun Red Knot yana fara yin wani bulaguro mai ban mamaki mai nisan kilomita 16,000 tsakanin Siberia da gaɓar Yammacin Afirka. Wannan tafiya ta haura nisan tafiyar jirgin sama na kasuwanci mafi tsawo a duniya (kilomita 15,349) tsakanin New York da Singapore.

Wannan tsuntsun mai hijira yana da nauyin gram 140 yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki na juriya. Halittar ba ta fi girman tafin hannun babban mutum ba, ga shi ba ta da injinan jirgin sama samfurin jumbo.

Amma wannan tafiya mai ban al'ajabi, tare da bulaguron sauran miliyoyin tsuntsaye da ke faruwa tsakanin Afirka da Turai-Asiya, a yau suna fuskantar barazana mai hauhawa.

Duniya ta rasa kashi 22% na yankuna masu riƙe ruwa tun daga shekarun 1970, wanda ya kai girman fiye da rabin filayen ƙwallon ƙafa.

A lokacin da masana halittun daji suka taru a Filin Shaƙatawa na Victoria Falls a Zimbabwe don taron mambobin yarjejeniyar COP15 kan Yankuna masu riƙe ruwa, daga 23 zuwa 31 ga Yuli, sun fuskanci gaskiyar damuwa da aka bayyana a cikin rahoton Global Wetland Outlook 2025.

Aƙalla hekta miliyan 400 na yankuna masu riƙe ruwa sun ɓace tun daga 1970, inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na waɗanda suka rage suke cikin yanayi na kassarawa.

Babbar hanyar tsuntsaye

Hanyar tashin tsuntsaye ta Afirka-Eurasia tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi takwas na duniya da tsuntsaye ke bi, wadda ta haɗa muhallin daban-daban na Afirka, Turai da Asiya.

A cewar African Wildlife Foundation, tsuntsun Red Knot yana yin wannan doguwar tafiya don haihuwa a Siberia, da kuma yin hunturu a gaɓar yammacin Afirka.

Tsuntsun Willow Warbler mai nauyin gram 10 yana tashi sau biyu a shekara tsakanin arewa maso gabashin Siberia da kudancin Afirka, tafiyar da ta kai kilomita 11,300 a hanya guda. Haka nan, tsuntsun White Stork yana dawowa kowace shekara zuwa mazauninsa na dindindin ta wannan hanya.

Tafiyar tsuntsaye masu ƙaura ta kasu kashi uku: tsuntsaye bi-ruwa masu kamar pelicans, herons, storks, flamingos, da penguins na Afirka; tsuntsayen kan tudu kamar black-bellied bustard da ake samu a yankin Maasai Mara na Kenya, da helmeted guinea fowl da ake samu a Sahara.

Cikin tsuntsaye masu hijira akwai kuma tsuntsaye masu farauta kamar angulu, shirwa, shaho, da mikiya da ke sama jadawalin abincin halittu.

An gano sama da nau'ukan tsuntsaye masu hijira 100 a kudancin Afirka kawai, tare da nau'ukan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura 35 na cikin Afirka da aka gano a Afirka ta Kudu.

Duk da haka, a cewar BirdLife International, wata ƙungiya ta duniya mai aiki don kiyaye tsuntsaye da muhalli, "tsuntsaye a wannan hanya suna daga cikin mafi shan tsangwama a duniya, inda aƙalla kashi 10% ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa ɓat."

Wuraren ya da zango

Yankuna masu riƙe ruwa, waɗanda ke ɗaukar kashi 6% na doron duniya, suna tallafawa kashi 40% na mabambantan halittun duniya da rayuwar mutane biliyan huɗu.

“Ga miliyoyin tsuntsaye masu hijira, yankuna masu rie ruwa suna da matuƙar muhimmanci don ya da zangon hutu, suna ba da wajen samun abinci da haihuwa yayin doguwar tafiyarsu,” in ji Martin Harper, shugaban BirdLife International, a ganawa da TRT Afrika.

Lalata yankuna masu riƙe ruwa yana faruwa ne daga dalilai da dama: sauyin yanayi yana rage yawan ruwa, ayyukan ɗan-adam kamar zubar da shara da gine-gine ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da gurɓata muhalli, da ɓacewar tsirrai na yankuna masu riƙe ruwa.

“Idan muka rasa yankuna masu riƙe ruwa, mun karya sarƙar da ke haɗa rayuwa – daga tsuntsun Bar-tailed Godwit a sama, zuwa mutanen da ke dogara da yankuna masu riƙe ruwa don samun ruwa, abinci, da kariya. Duniya ba za ta iya jure wa karyewar wannan sarƙar ba,” in ji Dr Musonda Mumba, babban sakataren Yarjejeniyar Ramsar, a zantawa da TRT Afrika.

Neman ɗaukar mataki

Taron Zimbabwe ya kasance karo na biyu da aka gudanar da COP na Yarjejeniyar Ramsar a Afirka, kuma karo na farko a Zimbabwe.

Ya dace saboda Filin shaƙatawa na Victoria Falls, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin muhimmin yanki mai riƙe a duniya, yana gefen wajen taron.

Ƙasashe 48 na Afirka suna cikin ƙasashe 172 da suka rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ramsar, yarjejeniyar duniya don kare yankuna masu riƙe ruwa da aka sanya wa hannu a 1971 a Ramsar, Iran.

“Wannan dama ce don ƙara himma da ƙarfafa alkawuran siyasa na kare filayen ruwa,” in ji Dr Mumba.

“Wannan ya haɗa da, amincewa da Tsarin Dabaru Biyar na Yarjejeniyar (2025-2034) don jagorantar amfani da filayen ruwa, haɗa tsarin alkintawa cikin tsare-tsaren ƙasa, da cike giɓin kuɗi don tallafawa alkintawa.”

Duk da cewa filayen ruwa suna bayar da fa'idodi da aka kiyasta na dala tiriliyan 39 a kowace shekara, kuɗin alkinta su yana ƙasa da haka ƙwarai.

A cewar ƙididdigar masana alkintawa, giɓin kuɗi na shekara-shekara ya kai dala biliyan 700, yayin da alkintawa ke ɗaukar kashi 0.25% kawai na GDP na duniya.

“Shugabannin duniya sun yi alƙawarin cike wannan gibi, kuma wasu ƙasashe suna ɗaukar mataki. Wasu kuma za su iya shiga nan gaba,” in ji Harper ga TRT Afrika.

Ya ba da shawarar sabbin hanyoyin samun kuɗi, ciki har da musayar bashi don kiyaye yanayi, inda ake bayar da rangwamen bashi a madadin alƙawuran alkinta filayen ruwa.

Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da lamuni, kasuwannin carbon, shirye-shiryen Biyan Sabis na Muhalli, da takardun shaida na kiyaye bambantan halittu.

Yayin da faɗaɗa noma, gurɓata muhalli, gina birane, cigaban masana'antu da sauyin yanayi ke ci gaba da haifar da asarar filayen ruwa, makomar miliyoyin tsuntsaye masu hijira tana cikin haɗari.

Tafiyar tsuntsun Willow Warbler mai ban mamaki ta ƙetare nahiyoyi ba kawai abin mamaki ba ce yanzu. Rayuwar tsuntsun yanzu tana dogara ne da kiyaye filayen ruwa da ke haɗe da wuraren ya da zango a hanyarsa.